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Inflammation, including cells and mediators
Acute inflammation and mediator systems.
Vascular response to injury, including mediators.
Inflammatory cell recruitment, including adherence and cell migration, and phagocytosis.
Bactericidal mechanisms and tissue injury.
Clinical manifestations (eg, pain, fever, leukocytosis, leukemoid reaction, and chills).
Chronic inflammation.
Reparative processes
Wound healing, hemostasis, and repair: thrombosis, granulation tissue, angiogenesis, fibrosis, scar/keloid formation.
Regenerative processes.
Neoplasia
Classification, histologic diagnosis.
Grading and staging of neoplasms.
Cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of neoplastic cells: transformation, oncogenes, altered cell differentiation, and proliferation.
Hereditary neoplastic disorders.
Invasion and metastasis.
Tumor immunology.
Paraneoplastic manifestations of cancer.
Cancer epidemiology and prevention.
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial, cultural, occupational, and environmental.
Progression through the life cycle, including birth through senescence
cognitive, language, motor skills, and social and interpersonal development.
Sexual development ( eg puberty, menopause).
Influence of developmental stage on physician-patient interview.
Psychologic and social factors influencing patient behavior
personality traits or coping style, including coping mechanisms.
Psychodynamic and behavioral factors, related past experience.
Family and cultural factors, including socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender.
Adaptive and maladaptive behavioral responses to stress and illness ( eg drug-seeking behavior, sleep deprivation).
Interactions between the patient and the physician or the health care system ( eg transference).
Patient adherence, including general and adolescent.
Patient interviewing, consultation, and interactions with the family
Establishing and maintaining rapport.
Data gathering.
Approaches to patient education.
Enticing patients to make lifestyle changes.
Communicating bad news.
“difficult” interviews (eg, anxious or angry patients).
Multicultural ethnic characteristics.
Medical ethics, jurisprudence, and professional behavior
Consent and informed consent to treatment.
Physician-patient relationships (eg, ethical conduct, confidentiality).
Death and dying.
Birth-related issues.
Issues related to patient participation in research.
Interactions with other health professionals (eg, referral).
Sexuality and the profession; other “boundary” issues.
Ethics of managed care.
Organization and cost of health care delivery.
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Normal processes
Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes.
Organ structure and function.
Hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary gland.
Thyroid gland.
Parathyroid glands.
Adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla.
Pancreatic islets.
Ovary and testis.
Adipose tissue.
Cell/tissue structure and function, including hormone synthesis, secretion, action, and metabolism
Peptide hormones.
Steroid hormones, including vitamin D.
Thyroid hormones.
Catecholamine hormones.
Renin-angiotensin system.
Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life.
Abnormal processes
Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders (eg, subacute thyroiditis, Graves disease, sarcoidosis).
Traumatic and mechanical disorders.
Neoplastic disorders (eg, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, neural crest, pheochromocytoma).
Metabolic and regulatory processes (eg, diabetes mellitus, pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic islet disorders, adrenal disorders).
Vascular disorders (eg, pituitary apoplexy).
Systemic disorders affecting the endocrine system.
Idiopathic disorders (eg, hirsutism).
Principles of therapeutics
Mechanisms of action, use, and adverse effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.
Hormones and hormone analogs.
Stimulators of hormone production (eg, sulfonylureas).
Inhibitors of hormone production (eg, thiouracils).
Hormone antagonists.
Potentiators of hormone action (eg, thiazolidinediones).
Antiobesity agents.
Other therapeutic modalities (eg, surgery, radiation)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial, cultural, occupational, and environmental.
Emotional and behavioral factors (eg, compliance in diabetes mellitus, factitious use of insulin, psychogenic polydipsia).
Influence on person, family, and society.
Occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg, radiation exposure, iodine deficiency).
Gender and ethnic factors.
Normal processes
Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes.
Organ structure and function.
Female structure, including breast.
Female function (eg, menstrual cycle, puberty, menopause).
Male structure.
Male function (eg, spermatogenesis, puberty).
Intercourse, orgasm.
Pregnancy, including ovulation, fertilization, implantation, labor and delivery, the puerperium, lactation, gestational uterus, placenta.
Cell/tissue structure and function, including hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, sex steroids, and gestational hormones.
Reproductive system defense mechanisms and normal flora.
Abnormal processes
Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders (eg, toxic shock syndrome, breast abscess, orchitis, sexually transmitted diseases, autoimmune hypogonadism, cystic mastitis).
Traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, female incontinence, torsion of testis, varicocele).
Neoplastic disorders (eg, female reproductive, male reproductive, breast [including fibrocystic changes], trophoblastic disease).
Metabolic and regulatory processes.
Female (eg, anovulation, infertility, polycystic ovaries, endometriosis, orgasmic dysfunction, delayed and premature puberty)
Menopausal syndrome
2. Male (eg, infertility, impotence, gynecomastia, delayed and premature puberty)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Systemic disorders affecting reproductive function (eg, obesity, myotonic dystrophy, cirrhosis, renal failure).
Disorders relating to pregnancy, the puerperium, and the postpartum period.
Obstetric problems (eg, ectopic pregnancy, third-trimester bleeding).
Complications affecting other organ systems (eg, eclampsia, gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders).
Disorders associated with the puerperium (eg, postpartum hemorrhage, sepsis, depression).
Antepartum, intrapartum, postpartum disorders of the fetus (eg, prematurity, postmaturity, cord compression, macrosomia).
Principles of therapeutics
Female reproductive tract
Fertility drugs.
Oral contraception, other methods of contraception (eg, condoms).
Estrogen, progestogen replacement, treatment of menopause.
Stimulants and inhibitors of labor.
Estrogen and progesterone antagonists.
Stimulators and inhibitors of lactation.
2. Male reproductive tract
Fertility drugs.
Androgen replacement and antagonists.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin replacement.
Abortifacients.
Antimicrobials.
Antineoplastics.
Restoration of potency.
Other therapeutic modalities affecting the reproductive system (eg, tampons).
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial, cultural, occupational, and environmental.
Emotional and behavioral factors (eg, sexually transmitted diseases).
Influence on person, family, and society (eg, infertility).
Occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg, radiation).
Family planning and pregnancy (eg, unwanted).
Gender identity, sexual orientation, sexuality, libido.
Effects of traumatic stress syndrome, violence, rape, child abuse.
Normal processes
Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes.
Organ structure and function.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
Glomerular filtration and hemodynamics.
Tubular reabsorption and secretion, including transport processes and proteins.
Urinary concentration and dilution.
Renal mechanisms in acid-base balance.
Renal mechanisms in body fluid homeostasis.
Micturition.
Cell/tissue structure and function, including renal metabolism and oxygen consumption, hormones produced by or acting on the kidney.
Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life.
Abnormal processes
Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
Infectious disorders
Upper urinary tract (eg, pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis).
Lower urinary tract (eg, cystitis, urethritis).
2. Inflammatory and immunologic disorders
Glomerular disorders (eg, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and IgA nephropathy).
Traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, obstructive uropathy).
Neoplastic disorders, including primary (eg, renal, urinary bladder and collecting system) and metastases.
Metabolic and regulatory disorders.
Renal failure, acute and chronic (eg, acute tubular necrosis).
Tubular and collecting duct disorders (eg, Fanconi syndrome, renal tubular acidosis, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, polycystic kidney disease).
Renal calculi.
Vascular disorders (eg, renal artery stenosis).
Mechanisms of action, use, and adverse effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the renal and urinary system
Diuretics, antidiuretic drugs.
Drugs and fluids used to treat volume, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders.
Drugs used to enhance renal perfusion (eg, dopamine).
Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, and antineoplastic drugs.
Drugs used to treat lower urinary tract system (eg, incontinence, bladder function, benign prostatic hyperplasia).
Other therapeutic modalities (eg, dialysis, renal transplantation)
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial, cultural, occupational, and environmental.
Emotional and behavioral factors (eg, drug-induced interstitial nephritis, diet).
Influence on person, family, and society (eg, hemodialysis, living related kidney donation, transplants).
Occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg, heavy metals).
Gender and ethnic factors (eg, disease progression, urinary tract infections).
Normal processes
Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes.
Organ structure and function.
Chambers, valves.
Cardiac cycle, mechanics, heart sounds, cardiac conduction.
Hemodynamics, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, and blood volume.
Circulation in specific vascular beds.
Cell/tissue structure and function .
Heart muscle, metabolism, oxygen consumption, biochemistry, and secretory function (eg, atrial natriuretic peptide).
Endothelium and secretory function, vascular smooth muscle, microcirculation, and lymph flow.
Mechanisms of atherosclerosis.
Neural and hormonal regulation of the heart, blood vessels, and blood volume, including responses to change in posture, exercise, and tissue metabolism.
Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life.
Abnormal processes
Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders.
Infectious disorders (eg, endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis).
Inflammatory and immunologic disorders (eg, acute rheumatic fever, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, temporal arteritis).
Traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, tamponade, valvular disease, obstructive cardiomyopathy).
Neoplastic disorders.
Metabolic and regulatory disorders (eg, dysrhythmias, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, low- and high-output heart failure, cor pulmonale, systemic hypertension, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, systemic hypotension, and shock).
Vascular disorders (eg, aneurysms, occlusions, varicosities, atherosclerosis).
Systemic diseases affecting the cardiovascular system (eg, amyloidosis, aortic dissection with Marfan syndrome, scleroderma).
Congenital disorders of the heart and central vessels.
Principles of therapeutics
Coronary and peripheral vasodilators.
Antiarrhythmic drugs.
Antihypertensive drugs.
Measures used to combat hypotension and shock.
Drugs affecting cholesterol and lipid metabolism.
Drugs affecting blood coagulation, thrombolytic agents.
Inotropic agents and treatment of heart failure.
Immunosuppressive and antimicrobial drugs.
Drugs to treat peripheral arterial disease.
Other therapeutic modalities (eg, pacemakers, angioplasty, valves, grafts, other surgical procedures).
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial, cultural, occupational, and environmental.
Influence on person, family, and society (eg, altered lifestyle).
Occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg, stress).
Gender and ethnic factors (eg, hypertension).
Normal processes
Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes.
Organ structure and function.
Airways, including mechanics and regulation of breathing.
Lung parenchyma, including ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange.
Pleura.
Nasopharyx and Sinuses.
Cell/tissue structure and function, including surfactant formation, alveolar structure.
Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life.
Infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract (eg, sinusitis, pharyngitis).
Acute infectious diseases of the lower respiratory tract and pleura and their complications (eg, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, abscess, empyema).
Allergic and hypersensitivity disorders (eg, asthma).
Pneumoconioses.
Acute and chronic alveolar injury (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome, chlorine gas/smoke inhalation).
Obstructive pulmonary disease.
Traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, foreign body aspiration, pneumothorax, atelectasis, sleep apnea).
Neoplastic disorders (eg, polyps, bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma, metastatic tumors).
Metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders (eg, hypoventilation, disorders of gas exchange, ventilation-perfusion imbalance, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome).
Vascular and circulatory disorders (eg, thromboembolic disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion).
Mechanisms of action, use, and adverse effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the respiratory system (eg, decongestants, cough suppressants, expectorants, mucolytics; bronchodilator drugs; anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic drugs; antimicrobial agents; antineoplastic agents).
Other therapeutic modalities (eg, oxygen therapy, nasal CPAP, mechanical ventilation, physical therapy, surgical procedures, including transplantation).
Emotional and behavioral factors (eg, smoking, substance abuse, pets, and allergies).
Influence on person, family, and society (eg, tuberculosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, school issues, protective parents, family smoking).
Occupational and other environmental risk factors.
Gender and ethnic factors (eg, sarcoidosis, lung cancer).
Normal processes
Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes.
Organ structure and function.
Cell/tissue structure and function.
Biology of bones, joints, tendons, skeletal muscle.
Exercise and physical conditioning.
Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
Infectious disorders (eg, septic arthritis, Lyme disease, osteomyelitis).
Inflammatory disorders (eg, fibrositis, synovitis, tenosynovitis).
Traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, fractures, sprains, strains, dislocations, repetitive motion injuries).
Neoplastic disorders (eg, osteosarcoma, metastatic disease).
Metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders (eg, dwarfism, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteodystrophy, gout, muscular dystrophy).
Idiopathic disorders (eg, Dupuytren contracture, scoliosis, Paget disease).
Mechanisms of action, use, and adverse effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics.
Muscle relaxants.
Antigout therapy (eg, allopurinol, colchicine, uricosuric drugs).
Immunosuppressive drugs (eg, glucocorticoids, gold, cytotoxic agents).
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial, cultural, occupational, and environmental
Emotional and behavioral factors (eg, diet, exercise, seat belts, bicycle helmets).
Influence on person, family, and society (eg, osteoporosis, fractures in elderly, alcohol abuse, and fractures).
Occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg, athletes, musicians).
Gender and ethnic factors (eg, bone mass)
Normal processes
Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes.
Organ structure and function.
Cell/tissue structure and function, including barrier functions, thermal regulation, eccrine function.
Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life or ethnicity (eg, senile purpura, male pattern baldness, postmenopausal hair changes).
Abnormal processes
Bacterial infections (eg, acne, cellulitis, carbuncle, abscess, necrotizing fasciitis, gangrene).
Viral infections (eg, herpes infections, chickenpox, rubella, measles, roseola, verrucae).
Fungal infections, including mycoses, dermatophytosis (eg, tinea).
Parasitic infections (eg, scabies, lice).
Traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, thermal injury, decubitus ulcers, effects of ultraviolet light and radiation).
Keratinocytes (eg, seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and ichthyosis).
Melanocytes (eg, nevi, melanoma).
Vascular neoplasms (eg, hemangiomas, Kaposi sarcoma).
Other (eg, T-cell lymphoma, skin appendage tumors).
Metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders (eg, vitamin deficiencies, hypervitaminosis, hyperhidrosis).
Vascular disorders (eg, vasculitis, Raynaud disease).
Principles of therapeutics
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial, cultural, occupational, and environmental.
Emotional and behavioral factors (eg, sun exposure, acne).
Influence on person, family, and society (eg, psoriasis).
Occupational and other environmental risk factors.
Gender and ethnic factors (eg, keloid).
Normal processes
Organ structure and function.
Spinal cord, including gross anatomy, blood supply, and spinal reflexes.
Brain stem, including cranial nerves and nuclei, reticular formation, gross anatomy, and blood supply.
Brain, including gross anatomy and blood supply; cognition, language, memory; hypothalamic function; limbic system and emotional behavior; circadian rhythms and sleep; control of eye movement.
Sensory systems, including proprioception, pain, vision, hearing, balance, taste, and olfaction.
Motor systems, including brain and spinal cord, basal ganglia and cerebellum.
Autonomic nervous system.
Excitable properties of neurons, axons and dendrites, including channels.
Synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and degradation of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.
Pre- and postsynaptic receptor interactions, trophic and growth factors.
Brain metabolism.
Glia, myelin.
Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life.
Traumatic and mechanical disorders (eg, subdural and epidural hematomas, cord compression, peripheral nerve injury).
Neoplastic disorders, including primary and metastatic.
Acquired metabolic and regulatory disorders (eg, delirium, Reye syndrome).
Vascular disorders (eg, cerebrovascular occlusion, venous sinus thrombosis, arterial aneurysms, hemorrhage).
Systemic disorders affecting the nervous system (eg, lupus, diabetic neuropathy).
Idiopathic disorders affecting the nervous system.
Congenital disorders, including metabolic (eg, neural tube defects, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, Down syndrome).
Degenerative disorders (eg, peripheral neuropathy, Alzheimer dementia, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
Paroxysmal disorders (eg, epilepsy, headache, pain syndromes, and sleep disorders including narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement, circadian rhythm disorders, parasomnias).
Disorders of special senses (eg, blindness, deafness).
Psychopathologic disorders, processes and their evaluation
Early-onset disorders (eg, learning disorders).
Disorders related to substance use.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
Mood disorders .
Anxiety disorders.
Somatoform disorders.
Personality disorders.
Physical and sexual abuse of children, adults, and elders.
Principles of therapeutics
Mechanisms of action, use, and adverse effects of drugs for treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
Anesthetics.
Hypnotics.
Psychopharmacologic agents (eg, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotic agents, mood-stabilizing agents).
Anticonvulsants.
Analgesics.
Stimulants, amphetamines.
Antiparkinsonian drugs.
Skeletal muscle relaxants, botulinum toxin.
Neuromuscular junction blocking agents (postsynaptic).
Antiglaucoma drugs.
Drugs used to decrease intracranial pressure (eg, mannitol, high-dose glucocorticoids).
Antimigraine agents.
Gender, ethnic, and behavioral considerations affecting disease treatment and prevention, including psychosocial, cultural, occupational, and environmental.
Influence on person, family, and society (eg, developmental disabilities, dementia, generation reversal, nutrition, seizures, sleep disorders).
Occupational and other environmental risk factors (eg, boxing, carbon monoxide exposure).
Gender and ethnic factors.