Fundamental concepts of measurement
Scales of measurement
Distribution, central tendency, variability, probability
Disease prevalence and incidence
Disease outcomes (eg, fatality rates)
associations (eg, correlation and covariance)
Health impact (eg, risk differences and ratios)
Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values
Fundamental concepts of study design
Types of experimental studies (eg, clinical trials, community intervention trials)
Types of observational studies (eg, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, case series, community surveys)
Sampling and sample size
Subject selection and exposure allocation (eg,randomization ,stratification ,self selection , systematic assignment)
Outcome assessment
Internal and external validity
Fundamental concepts of hypothesis testing and statistical inference
Confidence intervals
Statistical significance and Type I error
Statistical power and Type II error
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